1. Alkaloids: Plant alkaloids are alkaline nitrogen-containing organic compounds with significant biological activity or toxicity, and are important active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicines.
2. Flavonoids: Flavonoids are widely found in various parts of plants, especially flowers and leaves. Approximately 20% of traditional Chinese medicines contain flavonoids.
3. Polysaccharides: Polysaccharide compounds composed of more than 10 monosaccharides, such as starch and cellulose.
4. Glycosides: Substances formed by the combination of a sugar and a substance (phenols, flavonoids).
Chemical Properties: Colorless, odorless, with a bitter taste; neutral or acidic; soluble in water and ethanol.
5. Organic Acids: Citric acid (citric acid), lactic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, oxalic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid.
6. Volatile Oils: Essential oils; volatile, oily liquids that can be distilled with steam, most of which have an aroma.
